Category: Uncategorized

Most dog owners never come near the criminal law, but a single incident can change that quickly. GOV.UK guidance sets out what counts as a dog being dangerously out of control, which types of dog are banned, and what the rules for XL Bully dogs are. This guide summarises that guidance, with the nation each rule applies to stated throughout. Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own XL Bully rules, which GOV.UK links to separately and this article does not describe.

Dogs dangerously out of control (England and Wales)

The GOV.UK guide “Controlling your dog in public” states that it is against the law to let a dog be dangerously out of control anywhere, including in a public place, in a private place such as a neighbour’s house or garden, and in the owner’s own home. The law applies to all dogs, regardless of breed. A dog is considered dangerously out of control if it injures someone or makes someone worried that it might injure them. A court can also reach that conclusion where the dog attacks someone’s animal, or where the owner of that animal thinks they could be injured trying to stop the attack.

The penalties

The penalties GOV.UK lists escalate with the harm caused:

• Dog dangerously out of control: an unlimited fine, prison for up to 6 months, or both. The owner may also be banned from owning a dog in future, and the dog may be destroyed.
• Letting the dog injure someone: prison for up to 5 years or a fine, or both.
• Allowing the dog to kill someone: prison for up to 14 years or an unlimited fine, or both.
• Allowing the dog to injure an assistance dog, such as a guide dog: prison for up to 3 years or a fine, or both.

Deliberately using a dog to injure someone can lead to a charge of malicious wounding.

Banned types of dog (as described by GOV.UK)

GOV.UK states that in the UK it is against the law to own certain types of dog: the Pit Bull Terrier, Japanese Tosa, Dogo Argentino, Fila Brasileiro and XL Bully. It is also unlawful to sell, abandon, give away or breed from a banned dog. Importantly, whether a dog is a banned type depends on what it looks like rather than its breed or name. A dog that matches many of the characteristics of a Pit Bull Terrier, for example, may be treated as banned.

If someone has a banned dog, the police or a council dog warden can take it away even if it is not acting dangerously and nobody has complained. The police may need court permission. A police or council expert judges the type of dog. It is the owner’s responsibility to prove the dog is not a banned type; failing that, or on a guilty plea, the owner is convicted, faces an unlimited fine or up to 6 months in prison, and the dog will be destroyed. A valid Certificate of Exemption may allow a banned dog that has not been acting dangerously to be kept.

XL Bully rules (England and Wales)

Defra’s guidance on the XL Bully ban, which applies to England and Wales, says it is a criminal offence to own or possess an XL Bully dog without a valid Certificate of Exemption. It is also an offence to sell, abandon or let one stray, give one away, breed from one, or have one in public without a lead and muzzle. Applications for exemption certificates have closed, and new exemptions can only be authorised by a court order.

For the life of the dog, a certificate holder must:

• keep the dog at the certificate holder’s address, with a maximum of 30 days in any 12-month period at a different address;
• tell Defra if the dog dies, is exported or moves permanently to a new address;
• keep the dog muzzled and on a lead in public places, with the lead securely held by someone at least 16 years old;
• keep the dog in secure conditions that stop it escaping;
• allow a police constable or authorised local authority officer to read the microchip and produce the certificate within 5 days of a request.

Failure to follow these requirements means the dog is no longer exempt and could be taken by the police, and the owner could be prosecuted.

New rule for children from 1 November 2026 (Defra guidance)

From 1 November 2026, owners of banned breed dogs must ensure that no child under 12 is left in close contact with the dog in a private place, such as a home or garden, without appropriate adult supervision. Defra’s guidance defines this as an adult aged 18 or over who is present and able to intervene, and it stresses that supervision must be in person: cameras, baby monitors and video doorbells are not a substitute. The guidance suggests ways to keep children and dogs apart when supervision is not possible, including separate rooms with doors securely closed, secure stair gates or other barriers, different floors, or a crate or pen where suitable and the dog is comfortable in it.

Frequently asked questions

Does the dangerously-out-of-control law only apply in public?

No. GOV.UK states it applies in public places, in private places and in the owner’s home.

Is a dog banned because of its breed name on a pedigree paper?

According to GOV.UK, the test is what the dog looks like rather than its breed or name.

Can I still apply for an XL Bully exemption?

Defra’s guidance says applications have closed and that new exemptions can only be authorised by a court order.

The bottom line

Under GOV.UK guidance, every dog owner in England and Wales carries legal responsibility for keeping their dog under control in any setting, and the penalties rise steeply with the harm caused. Owners of banned types face strict conditions, and a new supervision rule for children under 12 applies from 1 November 2026. Anyone unsure whether their dog could be treated as a banned type should seek advice from the police or a solicitor rather than relying on a breed label.

Sources

• GOV.UK, “Controlling your dog in public”
• GOV.UK, “Controlling your dog in public: Banned dogs”
• Defra, “Ban on XL Bully dogs” (GOV.UK)
• Defra, “Keeping children safe around banned breed dogs in the home” (GOV.UK)

Finding a rental that welcomes animals has long been one of the hardest parts of renting with a dog, cat or small pet. In England, the position changed on 1 May 2026, when new statutory rights to request a pet took effect for most private tenancies. This guide explains what the legislation says, what a request must contain and when a landlord may lawfully say no. It covers England only; tenancy law in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland is separate and is not described here.

What the law now provides

Section 11 of the Renters’ Rights Act 2025 inserts new sections 16A and 16B into the Housing Act 1988. Under section 16A, it is an implied term of an assured tenancy that a tenant may keep a pet at the property if they ask in accordance with the section and the landlord consents, and that consent is not to be unreasonably refused. The section applies to every assured tenancy other than a tenancy of social housing. The relevant commencement regulations bring these tenancy reforms into force on 1 May 2026 for assured tenancies that are not social housing assured tenancies.

How to make a request

The request must be in writing and must include a description of the pet. GOV.UK guidance for landlords gives examples of what that description could cover: the type of animal, how big it is and how much room it will need, for instance whether it will live in an enclosure. A sensible request therefore names the species and breed or type, gives an approximate size and age, and says where in the home the animal will live. The legislation also clarifies that a tenant “keeps” a pet if they permit it to live at the property, whether or not the tenant owns it.

The landlord’s timetable

A landlord must give or refuse consent in writing on or before the 28th day after the request. The Act allows that period to be extended in three situations:

• Further information: if the landlord reasonably asks for more detail about the pet within the 28 days, they may wait until the 7th day after the tenant supplies it. If the tenant never answers, the landlord is not required to give or refuse consent.
• Superior landlord: where consent is needed from a superior landlord and the landlord asks for it within the 28 days, the landlord may wait until the 7th day after that answer arrives.
• Agreement: the landlord and tenant may agree a later date.

GOV.UK’s guidance summarises the further-information rule as giving the landlord either the remainder of the original 28 days or an extra 7 days, whichever is later.

When a landlord may refuse

The Act states that refusal is reasonable where keeping the pet would put the landlord in breach of an agreement with a superior landlord, or where such an agreement prohibits pets without consent and the landlord has taken reasonable steps to obtain it but consent has not been given. GOV.UK guidance adds examples of reasonable refusals:

• another tenant has an allergy;
• the property is too small for a large pet or several pets;
• the pet is illegal to own;
• the landlord is a leaseholder and the freeholder does not allow pets.

The same guidance says it would usually be unreasonable to refuse because the landlord dislikes pets, has had problems with pet-owning tenants before, has general worries about future damage, or thinks a pet might affect future lettings. It also lists knowing that the tenant needs an assistance animal, such as a guide dog, among the reasons that would usually be unreasonable to refuse. Where a request is refused, the landlord must respond in writing, and the guidance says they should explain why.

If a request is refused

A tenant who believes a refusal is unreasonable can challenge it. According to GOV.UK, they can complain to the landlord or apply to the court to start proceedings. The Act also provides that, where a tenant alleges breach of the implied term, the court may order specific performance of the landlord’s obligation.

After consent is given

GOV.UK guidance states that once a landlord agrees, they cannot change their mind or alter the tenancy agreement, and the tenant can still keep the pet if they try. A tenant who later wants another pet has to ask permission again. Keeping a pet without permission may breach the tenancy terms, so a written request should always come first.

Pet damage, deposits and insurance

If a pet causes damage, GOV.UK advises the tenant to talk to the landlord about how it will be repaired. The landlord can keep money from the deposit to cover repair costs caused by pet damage, and either party may be able to claim through a relevant insurance policy. The guidance is explicit that the same damage cannot be claimed for twice: a landlord who claims on insurance and also deducts the cost from the deposit may be committing fraud.

Frequently asked questions

Does a request have to be on a special form?

The legislation requires only that it is in writing and describes the pet. No prescribed form is set out in the Act.

Can a landlord say no to a dog because of the breed?

The Act lists specific circumstances that make refusal reasonable and GOV.UK gives examples. Where a dog is of a type that is illegal to own, the guidance recognises that as a reasonable ground.

Does this cover council or housing association homes?

Section 16A does not apply to tenancies of social housing, so those tenants should check their own landlord’s pet policy.

The bottom line

Since 1 May 2026, most private assured tenants in England can make a written request to keep a pet, and landlords must answer within 28 days (subject to the statutory extensions) and cannot unreasonably refuse. A clear description of the animal, a request in writing and a record of the landlord’s reply give a tenant the strongest footing, while refusals grounded in a superior landlord’s rules, allergies, space or legality remain lawful.

Sources

• Renters’ Rights Act 2025, section 11, “Right to request permission to keep a pet” (legislation.gov.uk)
• The Renters’ Rights Act 2025 (Commencement No. 2 and Transitional and Saving Provisions) Regulations 2026, SI 2026/421 (legislation.gov.uk)
• GOV.UK, “If a tenant wants a pet to live with them” (Assured periodic tenancies: a guide for landlords)

Hot spells catch many dog owners out, because a walk or car journey that feels normal to a person can be dangerous for a dog. This article summarises advice published by the RSPCA, the animal welfare charity, on keeping dogs safe in hot weather. It is welfare guidance rather than a statement of the law in any nation.

Cars and enclosed spaces

The RSPCA’s advice is not to leave dogs in cars, caravans, conservatories or outbuildings in warm weather, even for a short while. It gives a stark example: when it is 22°C outside, temperatures in these spaces can quickly rise to 47°C. The charity’s separate page on hot walks adds a point many owners do not expect. It says dogs are 10 times more likely to suffer heat-related illness from exercising in hot weather than from overheating in cars. In other words, the car is a serious risk, but the walk itself deserves just as much caution.

Planning walks

The RSPCA recommends exercising dogs in the early morning or late evening, when temperatures are cooler. For any walk in warm weather, its hot-walks guidance suggests a simple routine of preparing, watching and acting:

• Prepare: research where there will be shade, bring a portable water dispenser and offer water every 15 to 20 minutes.
• Watch: monitor your dog continuously for signs of overheating.
• Act: if you see signs, stop moving, provide water and find shade.

The pavement test

Hot ground can injure paws. The RSPCA’s test is simple: if the ground is too hot to touch with your hand for five seconds, it is too hot for paws. Its hot-walks page says to test with the back of your hand before setting out. Signs that a dog’s paws have been affected include limping, licking the feet, darkened pads or blistering.

Which dogs are at higher risk?

According to the RSPCA, higher-risk dogs include:

• Flat-faced breeds such as pugs, French bulldogs, bulldogs, Shih Tzus and boxers, which need extra cooling measures.
• Dogs with health conditions, including those that are unfit, overweight or living with heart or respiratory disease.
• Dogs with thick coats.

If your dog falls into one of these groups, the charity’s general advice applies with more force: shorter, cooler outings and closer monitoring.

Cooling your dog at home

The RSPCA lists several ways to help a dog stay comfortable when it is warm, alongside constant access to shade and clean, cold drinking water:

• Frozen ice cubes, either as treats or added to water bowls.
• A damp towel to lie on. The charity stresses that it should never be draped over the dog.
• A paddling pool or garden sprinkler, but only if your dog enjoys water.
• Pet-safe sunscreen on exposed skin such as the tips of the ears and nose, which matters particularly for dogs with white or light-coloured fur, according to the RSPCA.

Recognising heatstroke

The signs the RSPCA lists are heavy panting and difficulty breathing, excessive drooling, lethargy or drowsiness, lack of coordination, collapse and vomiting. Its instruction is to contact a vet immediately if you notice them. The charity’s hot-walks guidance also says that if a dog’s condition worsens you should follow emergency first aid, so it is worth reading that page before summer rather than during an emergency. Keeping your vet’s contact details, including any out-of-hours number, somewhere easy to find is a sensible precaution.

A hot-weather routine worth adopting

Because the risks come from several directions at once, it helps to turn the advice into a fixed routine rather than a list you have to remember on the day. Check the forecast the evening before, plan the walk for the coolest part of the day, pack water, and never make a “quick stop” with your dog left in the car. Test the pavement before you set out rather than after your dog starts limping, and choose routes with shade, since the charity’s guidance asks you to research shade in advance. Keep an eye on your dog’s breathing and behaviour throughout, and be ready to stop and head home early.

After the walk

Heat problems do not always show up while you are still outside. Once home, check your dog’s paws for the signs the RSPCA describes, which are limping, foot licking, darkened pads or blistering, and make sure cold water is available straight away. Give the dog a shaded, cool place to rest. For higher-risk dogs, such as flat-faced breeds, the charity’s advice on extra cooling measures continues indoors, so it is worth having ice cubes, a damp towel and a cool resting area ready before you head out rather than after you return.

The bottom line

The RSPCA’s advice comes down to a few firm habits: never leave a dog in a car or other enclosed space in warm weather, walk early or late, apply the five-second pavement test, carry water, and give extra care to flat-faced, overweight, thick-coated and unwell dogs. If a dog shows signs of heatstroke, contact a vet immediately. This is charity welfare guidance and does not describe the law in any part of the UK.

Sources

• RSPCA, “Caring for your dog in hot weather”
• RSPCA, “Dogs Die On Hot Walks”

Feeding raw meat to dogs and cats has become a talking point among pet owners, but this article is not a debate about diets. It looks at one narrower question: what does the food-safety regulator say about the hygiene risks of handling raw pet food at home? The regulator quoted here is the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Its guidance reflects US federal advice; rules and guidance in the UK and EU are set by different authorities and are not covered in this article.

What the FDA found

The FDA states that raw pet food is more likely than processed pet food to be contaminated with disease-causing bacteria. Its Center for Veterinary Medicine screened more than 1,000 pet food samples between October 2010 and July 2012. Of 196 raw pet food samples tested, 15 were positive for Salmonella and 32 were positive for Listeria monocytogenes. Dry, semi-moist, jerky treat and exotic pet food samples in the same study showed far lower contamination.

The agency’s wording on people is cautious: owners who feed a raw diet “may have a higher risk” of infection. A separate FDA advisory about one recalled frozen raw product does. It names very young children, adults aged 65 and over, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems as at-risk groups for these bacteria. That advisory was about a specific product, so it should be read as an illustration of the bacteria’s risk rather than a statement about every raw product.

Handling steps the FDA recommends

For people who do choose to feed raw food, the FDA’s guidance on raw pet food diets recommends the following:

• Wash hands for at least 20 seconds after handling raw pet food, and after touching surfaces or objects that came into contact with it.
• Clean, then disinfect. Wash surfaces and objects with hot soapy water first, then follow with a disinfectant, for example a solution of 1 tablespoon of bleach to 1 quart (4 cups) of water.
• Thaw safely. Use the refrigerator or a microwave, not counters or sinks.
• Keep raw food separate and refrigerate uneaten portions immediately.
• Do not rinse raw meat. The FDA warns that bacteria can splash and spread contamination.
• Avoid mouth contact. Do not kiss your pet around the mouth or let it lick your face after eating raw food.

Good habits for every kind of pet food

A second FDA page, on safe handling of pet food and treats, applies to all diets, not only raw ones:

• Wash your hands with soap and hot water for at least 20 seconds both before and after handling pet food and treats.
• Promptly refrigerate or throw out unused canned and pouched food, cover it tightly, and set the refrigerator to 40°F or below.
• Store dry food in a cool, dry place below 80°F, ideally in its original bag with the top tightly folded down.
• Do not use the food bowl as a scoop. Use a clean scoop, spoon or cup instead.
• Wash bowls, scoops and measuring utensils with soap and hot water after each use.
• Throw out old or spoiled food safely, for example in a securely tied plastic bag in a covered bin.

Cleaning up after a recall

When the FDA warned owners about a recalled frozen raw product, its advice went beyond the food itself. It told owners to stop feeding the product immediately, dispose of it in a secure container and clean the refrigerators or freezers where it had been stored. It also told them to disinfect food bowls, utensils, preparation surfaces, pet bedding, toys and floors, and to wash hands thoroughly after handling any of these items.

The advisory explains why that wider clean-up matters: people can become infected by handling contaminated food or touching surfaces that contacted it, and infected pets can shed bacteria in their faeces and saliva. For that reason it also advises cleaning up animal faeces in yards or parks where there is a risk of exposure.

Reading this advice sensibly

The 196-sample figures come from a study period that ended in 2012, and they describe samples tested in the United States. They show that raw products were contaminated more often than other pet food types in that study; they do not tell you the risk from any particular brand today. The practical value is in the habits, which cost little and apply to any household with pets, particularly one where young children or older relatives share the kitchen.

If you are unsure whether a diet suits your pet, that is a question for your vet. This article covers only household hygiene.

The bottom line

The US FDA says raw pet food is more likely than other pet food types to carry Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes, and that people who feed it may face a higher risk of infection. Its advice is practical: wash hands for at least 20 seconds, clean then disinfect surfaces, thaw in the refrigerator or microwave, do not rinse raw meat and avoid mouth contact with your pet after it eats. This is US regulator guidance, not a statement of UK or EU rules.

Sources

• US FDA, “Get the Facts! Raw Pet Food Diets can be Dangerous to You and Your Pet”
• US FDA, “Tips for Safe Handling of Pet Food and Treats”
• US FDA, “FDA Cautions Pet Owners Not to Feed Performance Dog Raw Pet Food Due to Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes”

A litter tray looks like the simplest piece of cat equipment, but the details of how it is set up affect whether a cat uses it. This article draws on guidance from International Cat Care, an international feline welfare charity, and covers general husbandry rather than any nation’s law.

How big should the tray be?

International Cat Care’s advice is that the ideal tray length is one and a half times the length of your cat from the nose to the base of the tail. Rectangular trays are recommended over corner, triangular or oval designs. The charity notes that many standard-sized trays are too small.

Two adjustments are worth knowing. Kittens outgrow their first tray, so the size needs upgrading as they grow. For cats with reduced mobility, such as arthritic cats, the charity suggests lower-sided trays that are easier to step into.

Open or hooded?

International Cat Care says open trays are preferable. Covered designs can make cats feel vulnerable because there are fewer ways out, large cats can struggle to position themselves in a smaller hooded unit, and the odour trapped inside can make the litter seem dirtier to a cat than it does to you, which may reduce use. If you do use a covered tray, the charity says it should have any flap removed and be oversized for your pet.

How many trays?

The charity recommends one tray per cat plus at least one additional tray, spread through the house. In a multi-cat home this matters because a cat blocked from a single tray by another cat may look for somewhere else. In its guidance on soiling indoors, the charity likewise recommends one tray per cat and a spare.

Litter type and depth

• Depth: approximately 3 cm of litter.
• Texture: fine, sand-like litter is preferred, and clumping litter is easier to remove once soiled.
• Avoid: scented litters, polythene liners and deodorants, which the charity says cats find overpowering.

Where to put the tray

Position trays in quiet areas away from food and water, and away from windows and cat flaps where outside threats can seem close. For several cats, distribute trays through the home so that one cat cannot guard access to all of them. Placing feeding bowls elsewhere rather than beside the tray keeps the two activities apart.

Cleaning routine

International Cat Care’s guidance on choosing a tray recommends scooping at least twice daily. For a complete wash-out it suggests every two to four weeks for clumping litter and weekly for non-clumping litter, while its guidance on soiling indoors mentions complete weekly changes. If you are unsure, the weekly reading is the more cautious one. Use hot water and biological detergent, rinse and dry thoroughly before refilling, and avoid disinfectants that are toxic to cats. The charity names Dettol as an example, and its soiling guidance warns against ammonia-based cleaners and phenol-containing disinfectants.

If a cat has soiled elsewhere in the house, the charity recommends an enzymatic cleaner designed for cat waste, or a 10 per cent biological washing powder solution followed by surgical spirit. The aim, in its words, is to remove any smell your cat can detect, so that the spot does not become a repeat toileting site.

A quick set-up checklist

• Measure your cat from nose to tail base and multiply by one and a half to find the minimum tray length.
• Count your cats and add one to get the number of trays.
• Fill to about 3 cm with fine, unscented litter, preferably a clumping type.
• Place trays in quiet spots, away from bowls, windows and cat flaps.
• Scoop at least twice a day and wash out on a fixed schedule with hot water and biological detergent.
• Skip liners, deodorants and scented products, and keep toxic disinfectants well away from the tray.

Cats have strong preferences about their toilets, and the charity’s list of behavioural causes for indoor soiling reads like a list of ways the set-up can fall short. Working through the checklist is therefore a sensible first step whenever a cat starts to avoid its tray, before you assume the problem lies with the cat.

When soiling is not a set-up problem

Toileting outside the tray has both behavioural and medical causes. On the behavioural side, International Cat Care lists dirty or too few trays, the wrong or scented litter, exposed or busy positions, bad associations with the tray, fear or anxiety while toileting, and the loss of preferred outdoor sites. Medical causes it lists include urinary tract disease, diarrhoea, stress-related cystitis, hyperthyroidism, diabetes and pain, such as arthritis in senior cats.

Because the list of medical causes is long, a sudden change in toileting habits is worth raising with your vet rather than assuming it is a behaviour problem. The charity is specific about one emergency: contact a vet immediately if your cat cannot pass urine or produces only small amounts, since that can indicate a urinary obstruction.

The bottom line

According to International Cat Care, a good litter set-up means a rectangular, open tray about one and a half times your cat’s length, one tray per cat plus a spare, roughly 3 cm of fine unscented litter, quiet positions away from food, scooping at least twice a day and regular full washes with cat-safe cleaning products. If a cat starts toileting elsewhere, check the set-up first, involve your vet because medical causes are common, and seek help straight away if your cat cannot pass urine.

Sources

• International Cat Care, “Choosing a litter tray for your cat”
• International Cat Care, “Soiling indoors”

Choosing where a puppy or kitten comes from is one of the biggest decisions a new owner makes, and in England the rules changed in 2020. This guide covers England only. The GOV.UK licensing guidance states that Wales has separate regulations, and this article does not cover Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland, so readers there should check their own nation’s rules.

What Lucy’s Law is

According to GOV.UK, Lucy’s Law came into force on 6 April 2020. It bans commercial third-party sales of puppies and kittens under six months old in England. A third-party sale is one made by anyone other than the person who bred the animal, which is the route pet shops and dealers used to take. The government’s message to buyers is simple: buy direct from a breeder, or consider adopting from a rescue centre instead. GOV.UK describes the law as devolved legislation that applies to England only.

What licensed sellers must and must not do

The GOV.UK guidance on selling animals as pets sets out several rules for England:

• Businesses selling animals as pets, or animals intended for resale as pets, need a licence. This applies whether the business operates from a home or online.
• Hobby breeders with a small number of offspring do not need licensing unless they operate frequently or with many animals.
• Puppies, kittens, ferrets or rabbits less than 8 weeks old cannot be sold.
• Puppies or kittens that the seller has not bred themselves cannot be sold.
• The licence number must be displayed in any advertising, and records must be kept ready for inspection.
• Councils inspect facilities before licensing, checking areas such as accommodation, nutrition, exercise, veterinary care and emergency preparedness.

Selling without a licence when one is needed can lead to an unlimited fine or imprisonment of up to six months, according to the same guidance.

How to check a seller before you commit

GOV.UK’s Lucy’s Law announcement lists practical checks for buyers:

• Research the seller. Look at the seller’s profile and search their name online.
• Check the phone number. See whether the same number appears across multiple adverts.
• Confirm the age. The animal must be at least 8 weeks old.
• Ask for health records. This includes vaccinations, flea and worm treatment, and microchipping.
• Meet the mother. The mother dog or cat should be at the breeder’s location.
• Avoid rushed sales or unusual meeting places.

The same page names red flags: a seller advertising many litters from different breeds, a mother who is unavailable to meet, a “fake” mother that does not interact with the puppies, animals labelled as “rescues” at unusually high prices, pressure to complete the sale quickly, and health problems at the point of purchase.

Putting the checks into practice

None of these checks needs special knowledge, but together they cut down the room a dishonest seller has to work with. A useful habit is to write the checks down before you start looking, so that a charming advert or a sad story does not talk you out of them. If the seller resists showing you the mother, will not share records, or asks for a deposit before you have seen the animal at its place of birth, treat that as a reason to walk away rather than a problem to negotiate around.

It also helps to keep a paper trail. Save the advert, note the licence number if one is displayed, and keep any messages. If something later turns out to be wrong, that record is more useful than memory. If you suspect a seller is operating without a licence, your local council is a sensible first contact, because the England guidance describes councils as the bodies that inspect premises before licensing.

It is easy to be pulled towards the first available advert. Taking a few days to run the checks above costs little compared with the years you will share with the animal.

Adopting from a rescue is the other route the government highlights. Rescue centres have their own processes, so expect questions from them about your home and experience. Be aware that the same GOV.UK page lists animals labelled as “rescues” but priced unusually high as a red flag, so the word “rescue” in an advert is not proof of anything by itself.

The bottom line

In England, Lucy’s Law means a puppy or kitten under six months old should come from the person who bred it, or from a rescue, not from a dealer or shop. Licensed sellers must display their licence number and cannot sell animals under 8 weeks old. Meet the mother, see the records, check the seller’s history and never let pressure rush the decision. These rules apply to England only, so buyers in Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland should check their own nation’s requirements.

Sources

• GOV.UK, “Lucy’s Law spells the beginning of the end for puppy farming”
• GOV.UK, “Selling animals as pets licence (England)”

Leaving a pet with someone else while you are away is stressful enough without wondering whether the arrangement is properly regulated. This article covers England only. The GOV.UK licence guidance states that it applies exclusively to England and that Wales has separate requirements, so readers elsewhere in the UK should check their own nation’s rules.

Who needs a licence in England

According to GOV.UK, a licence is required for a boarding kennel or cattery, a dog day care business, a home-based dog boarding operation, and a business that arranges boarding for other people’s pets. The guidance is explicit that someone running a business still needs to apply even if they look after only a small number of animals in their own home.

The statutory guidance for local authorities explains the test: a licence is needed where the activity is carried out as a commercial business, meaning the operator makes sales, works for profit or earns commissions or fees. It also lists exemptions. People whose trading income is below the current HMRC trading income allowance do not need a licence, and veterinary practices where the housing is part of veterinary treatment fall outside the kennel boarding licence.

Licences last 1, 2 or 3 years, with the council deciding both the cost and the length. The council inspects the premises before granting a licence and may inspect again afterwards. Operating without a licence, or failing to follow its conditions, can bring an unlimited fine or up to six months in prison.

What a kennel licence requires

The statutory guidance on dog kennel boarding sets out conditions that councils apply. Among them:

• Sleeping areas must let dogs sit and stand at full height, lie fully stretched out and turn around without touching.
• Dogs must have regular opportunities during the day to toilet, either through direct access to runs or by being taken out of their kennels at least four times a day, plus at least one walk a day or access to a secure open space.
• Temperatures must stay above an absolute minimum of 10°C and below a maximum of 26°C.
• Isolation facilities are needed for sick, injured or infectious dogs.
• Dogs must have current vaccinations against canine parvovirus, distemper, hepatitis and leptospirosis.
• Registers must record arrival and departure dates, medical history, vaccination records and owner contact details.
• A written emergency plan is required, fire exits must be kept clear and there must be a designated key holder within 30 minutes’ travel.
• All dogs must be checked at least once daily, or more often where necessary.

What home boarding adds

Home boarding has its own guidance. Each dog from the same household must have access to a room where it can sleep, go to hide and be kept separate from other dogs. Dogs cannot be housed in conservatories, bedrooms used by under-16s, garages, cupboards, cellars, lofts, balconies or outdoor structures. Each member of staff should have ten dogs or fewer to care for.

Where dogs from different households are boarded together, the guidance requires the written consent of every owner and a documented trial session so that the dogs can get used to each other. Bitches in season cannot board with dogs from other households, and the business must be registered with a vet whose contact details are displayed. Records must be kept for at least three years.

Star ratings and longer licences

Businesses that meet higher standards can qualify for 4-5 star ratings and licences of two or three years. For kennels, the guidance says this means meeting all of the required higher standards and at least half of the optional ones. Home boarders can also earn longer licences by meeting higher standards. A longer licence is a sign the council has judged the business against a higher bar, though it is still worth visiting in person.

Questions to ask before you book

• Can I see the licence? Licensed operators must display it on the premises and show the licence number in advertising.
• Is the business licensed by my local council for the specific activity, whether kennel, cattery, day care or home boarding?
• What is your emergency plan, and who holds the keys out of hours?
• Which vaccinations do you require, and how do you handle a dog that becomes unwell?
• For home boarding: will my dog share space with dogs from other households, and have all owners consented in writing?

The bottom line

In England, anyone running a boarding kennel, cattery, dog day care or home boarding business needs a council licence, and the council inspects before granting it. Licence conditions cover space, exercise, temperature, vaccination, records and emergency plans, and home boarders face extra rules about separation and consent. Ask to see the licence, ask about the conditions above and treat any operator who cannot show one as a reason to look elsewhere. These rules apply to England only.

Sources

• GOV.UK, “Boarding for cats or dogs licence (England)”
• GOV.UK, “Dog kennel boarding licensing: statutory guidance for local authorities”
• GOV.UK, “Home boarding for dogs licensing: statutory guidance for local authorities”

Indoor plants and curious pets don’t always mix well, and the danger isn’t always obvious from a plant’s appearance. Some of the most commonly sold houseplants — the kind found in supermarkets and garden centres without any real warning label — are genuinely toxic to cats and dogs. The ASPCA’s Animal Poison Control Center maintains one of the most thorough reference lists available, and it’s worth checking against before you bring a new plant, or a new pet, into a home with the other already there.

Plants to be genuinely cautious about

The ASPCA’s toxic plant list for cats includes several houseplants that are common in ordinary homes, not exotic specimens:

• True lilies (Lilium species), including Asian, Easter and Tiger lilies, are among the most dangerous plants for cats specifically — even small amounts of pollen or a few nibbled petals can cause acute kidney failure, and prompt veterinary treatment is critical if ingestion is suspected.
• Dieffenbachia (Dumbcane) and Philodendron contain insoluble calcium oxalate crystals that cause intense oral irritation, drooling and swelling if chewed.
• Sago Palm is severely toxic, associated with vomiting, liver damage, seizures and, in serious cases, death — every part of the plant carries risk.
• Oleander, Azalea/Rhododendron and Yew are all outdoor or ornamental plants with serious cardiac or systemic toxicity risks if any part is eaten.
• Aloe vera and Poinsettia, both extremely common in homes, are also listed — generally causing gastrointestinal upset rather than severe poisoning, but still worth keeping out of reach.

Safer alternatives that still look good

The same ASPCA reference lists plants that are non-toxic to cats and dogs, which makes it realistic to keep a home genuinely green without the risk:

• Spider Plant — a hardy, popular option specifically listed as non-toxic.
• African Violet — a compact flowering option safe around pets.
• Bamboo Palm and Boston Fern — both larger, leafy options that add greenery without the calcium oxalate risk of many other broad-leafed houseplants.
• Peperomia (Baby Rubber Plant) and Haworthia — smaller, low-maintenance options for shelves or windowsills.

Note that plant toxicity can differ between species — a plant safe for dogs isn’t automatically safe for cats, and vice versa — so it’s worth checking the ASPCA’s separate dog and cat lists individually rather than assuming a “pet-safe” label from a retailer has already done that work for you.

Reducing risk in a home you can’t fully plant-proof

Realistically, most households aren’t going to remove every plant, and many people already own plants that would fall on the toxic list. A few practical steps reduce the risk without requiring a full plant clear-out:

• Keep known toxic plants somewhere genuinely inaccessible — a high shelf isn’t enough for a climbing cat, but a separate room with a closed door usually is.
• Watch for chewed leaves as an early warning sign, particularly with bored indoor cats, who sometimes chew plants out of curiosity or a lack of other stimulation — offering pet-safe cat grass can redirect that instinct.
• Keep dropped leaves and petals cleared up promptly, since ingestion risk isn’t limited to a plant still in its pot.
• Know the signs of plant poisoning — drooling, vomiting, lethargy, loss of appetite, or in severe cases collapse — and treat any of these as reason to contact a vet promptly, along with information about which plant may have been involved if you know it.

If you suspect your pet has eaten something toxic

Time matters. If you know or suspect your cat or dog has chewed or swallowed part of a plant on the toxic list, contact your vet straight away rather than waiting to see whether symptoms develop — for genuinely dangerous plants like lilies, early treatment makes a real difference to outcome, and vets would rather field a call that turns out to be nothing than see a pet after a delay. Where possible, take a photo of the plant, or a cutting of it, with you or describe it clearly, since knowing exactly which plant was involved helps a vet assess the level of risk and the right course of action quickly.

Keeping the ASPCA’s poison control contact details, or your own vet’s out-of-hours number, somewhere easy to find — a fridge magnet, a saved contact — removes one source of delay if you’re ever dealing with this in a stressful moment rather than calmly researching it in advance.

The bottom line

Many everyday houseplants — lilies, dieffenbachia, philodendron and sago palm among them — carry a genuine poisoning risk for cats and dogs, according to the ASPCA’s own reference lists, and lilies in particular are dangerous enough to cats that even pollen exposure is a real concern. Checking a plant against the ASPCA’s toxic and non-toxic lists before buying it, rather than after a pet has already chewed it, is a small habit that avoids a genuinely serious vet emergency.

Sources

• ASPCA — Toxic and Non-Toxic Plant List: Cats
• ASPCA — Is That Houseplant Safe for Your Pets?

A crate, used well, can give a dog a genuine den-like sense of security. Used badly — rushed, or treated as a punishment — it can make a dog’s anxiety significantly worse. The difference usually comes down to pace and technique, and RSPCA guidance sets out a specific, gradual process rather than the sink-or-swim approach some owners default to.

The crate should never be a punishment

RSPCA guidance is unambiguous on this point: a crate should be “a place where they feel secure, safe and comfortable,” and it must never be used as a punishment — putting a dog in the crate when you’re angry, or as a consequence for unwanted behaviour, actively works against the sense of safety the crate is meant to provide. Every association you’re building during training should be positive: treats, meals, favourite toys, and calm, low-key comings and goings.

A gradual, four-stage approach

RSPCA’s process is built around small, patient steps rather than a fixed timeline:

1. Introduce the crate with the door open. Scatter treats inside and let your dog explore and enter at their own pace — this stage might take several minutes for one dog and several days for another, and that’s normal.
2. Start feeding meals in the crate. Once your dog is comfortable going in for treats, feed regular meals there with the door open, then gradually begin closing the door for slightly longer after eating — building up until your dog can stay calm inside for around ten minutes with the door shut.
3. Practise short periods alone. With an engaging toy (a stuffed Kong is a common choice), step out of sight for brief periods, gradually extending the time apart towards around half an hour, always returning before your dog becomes distressed.
4. Build up to longer absences. Once your dog tolerates roughly half an hour calmly, begin leaving for longer stretches — ideally after exercise and a meal, when your dog is more likely to settle and rest.

Throughout, the RSPCA’s key warning is to watch for signs you’re moving too fast: whining to be let out, panting, excessive barking, cowering or aggression are all signals that the previous step needs more time before progressing, not signs to push through regardless.

Crating and separation anxiety are not the same fix

It’s important not to treat crate training as a solution to an existing separation anxiety problem — the two need to be approached differently. If a dog is already highly distressed by being left alone, RSPCA guidance is that using an approach sometimes called “cry it out” — leaving a distressed dog to settle on their own — is not appropriate, since dogs left to cry it out mainly learn that being alone is frightening, and repeated high-distress episodes can have longer-lasting effects on their stress physiology.

Where a dog becomes genuinely distressed in the crate specifically, the more appropriate approach is to pause crate use, address the underlying separation-related anxiety first — often starting with much shorter, carefully managed absences and building confidence gradually — and revisit the crate later once the dog is more comfortable being alone in general. In more significant cases, this is a good reason to involve a vet or qualified clinical animal behaviourist rather than persisting alone.

Practical limits, even once training succeeds

Even a dog that’s fully comfortable in a crate shouldn’t be crated for a full working day. Adult dogs generally shouldn’t be left crated for more than around three hours at a stretch during the day, with access to water, appropriate temperature control, and a proper walk and toilet break either side. A crate is a training and safety tool for specific periods, not a substitute for exercise, company or a dog-proofed space to rest in more generally.

Choosing the right crate

The crate itself matters alongside the training process. It should be large enough for your dog to stand up fully, turn around comfortably, and lie down stretched out — a crate that’s too small undermines the sense of comfort and security the whole process is built around, while one that’s excessively oversized can reduce the den-like, secure feeling that makes crates effective in the first place. For a growing puppy, a crate with a removable divider panel lets you adjust the usable space as they grow, rather than needing to buy a new crate at each size stage.

A comfortable, washable bed or blanket inside, positioned somewhere in your home that’s reasonably central to family life rather than isolated in a back room, tends to work better than a crate tucked away out of sight — dogs are social animals, and a crate placed where they can still see and hear the household generally supports the “safe base” feeling better than genuine isolation would.

The bottom line

Crate training works best as a slow, positive process — RSPCA guidance sets out four clear stages, with the dog’s own comfort level, not a fixed schedule, dictating the pace. Watch for distress signals rather than pushing through them, keep punishment out of the equation entirely, and treat a crate as one part of managing a settled, confident dog rather than a fix for existing separation anxiety on its own.

Sources

• RSPCA — How to Crate Train a Puppy
• RSPCA — Separation Anxiety in Dogs

Dogs can’t tell you in words when they’re uncomfortable, frightened or about to react — but they are almost always telling you through their body language, if you know what to look for. Misreading those signals, or missing them entirely, is a common reason well-meaning interactions (a hug, a hand reaching over a head, a toddler approaching a nervous dog) go wrong. Here’s what the RSPCA and American Kennel Club (AKC) guidance actually says about reading a dog accurately.

The three broad emotional states

RSPCA guidance groups canine body language into three broad categories, each shown through a cluster of signals rather than any single cue in isolation:

• Happy and relaxed: a relaxed body posture, mouth open and loose (not tense), ears in their natural position, and a loosely wagging tail. A play invitation specifically looks like a “play bow” — chest lowered to the ground, rear end raised — often paired with a high, wagging tail.
• Worried or uncomfortable: a tucked tail, ears pulled back, yawning out of context, avoiding eye contact, repeated lip licking, and sometimes raising a front paw. These are appeasement and stress signals — the dog is asking for space or signalling discomfort, not “being difficult.”
• Angry or on the verge of aggression: a stiff, raised tail, raised hackles (hair standing up along the back), dark and enlarged pupils, ears up and forward, and — in more serious cases — snarling with lips drawn back and teeth exposed.

Why single signals can be misleading

The AKC makes a point that trips up a lot of owners: a wagging tail does not reliably mean a happy dog. It signals emotional arousal generally — the faster the wag, the more aroused the dog is, for better or worse — and tail position matters as much as movement. A high, stiff tail wagging quickly can indicate tension or alertness rather than friendliness, while a loose, low, wide sweeping wag that moves the whole rear end is a more reliable relaxed signal.

Eyes are another commonly missed cue. AKC guidance describes “soft eyes” (a relaxed, blinking gaze) as a sign of calm, contrasted with “hard eyes” — a fixed, intense stare — which can precede reactive or aggressive behaviour. “Whale eye,” where the whites of the eyes become visible, is a specific and reliable sign of anxiety or discomfort, often seen when a dog feels cornered or is being approached in a way it doesn’t want.

The core principle both organisations emphasise: no single signal — tail, ears, eyes, or posture — should be read alone. It’s the whole-body combination, and the context it’s happening in, that tells the real story.

Common stress signals people miss

Several everyday behaviours are stress signals rather than random habits: yawning when the dog isn’t tired, repeated lip or nose licking, sudden full-body shaking (as if shaking off water, but when dry), excessive sniffing of the ground during a walk with a person or dog nearby, and turning the head or body away from something. Individually these can be innocent, but appearing together, especially around an unfamiliar person, animal or situation, they’re usually a sign the dog wants more space or feels unsure.

What to do with this information

Reading these signals well means intervening earlier — giving a worried dog space before it escalates to a growl or snap, rather than only reacting once a warning sign has been ignored. RSPCA guidance is also clear that if you notice a persistent change in your dog’s body language or behaviour, the first step is speaking to your vet, since anxiety-linked behaviour changes can have a medical cause and may warrant referral to a clinical animal behaviourist rather than DIY correction.

Individual and breed differences worth accounting for

Body language signals are broadly consistent across dogs, but physical differences between breeds can make some cues harder to read than others. A breed with naturally floppy ears (a spaniel, for example) can’t show the same clear “ears back” signal as a breed with upright ears, and a dog with a naturally curled or docked tail has a smaller range of visible tail positions to work with. This doesn’t mean the underlying emotional signalling is absent — it means you may need to pay closer attention to the other parts of the picture (eyes, weight distribution, overall body tension) for breeds where the more obvious cues are less visible.

Individual personality matters too. Some dogs are naturally more expressive and easier to read than others, and a dog that’s had limited early socialisation may show a narrower or less typical range of signals than one that’s had plenty of varied social experience. Getting to know your own dog’s particular way of showing worry or excitement, rather than relying purely on generic signal lists, tends to make you a more accurate reader of that specific dog over time.

The bottom line

Dogs communicate constantly through posture, tail position, ears and eyes — the RSPCA and AKC both stress reading the whole picture rather than any single signal, since something as familiar as a wagging tail can mean excitement, tension or anything in between depending on its speed, height and the rest of the body’s posture. Learning to spot worried and stressed signals early is one of the most practical skills any dog owner can build.

Sources

• RSPCA — Understanding Your Dog’s Body Language
• American Kennel Club — Understanding Dog Body Language: Decipher Dogs’ Signs and Signals